1.
Microbial Evaluation Of Raw Meat At Abattoirs And Retail Outlests (Lahore)
by Abid Sarwar | Prof. Dr. Mansur ud Din Ahmad | Dr. Imran Najeeb | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbial quality of meat. The present study was planed to determine the aerobic plate count on meat obtained from the abattoirs and local market. A total of 90 meat samples that were collected for determining the microbiological quality of meat. Half of the meat samples (n=45) were collected from various abattoirs and half of the meat samples (n=45) were collected from retail outlets in Lahore City to get an idea of contamination from slaughtering point to retail outlets.
These samples were processed for Aerobic plate counts, E.coli, S.aureus and Salmonella counts. Overall, this study revealed that the level of contamination on meat carcasses was higher in retail meat shops compared to the abattoir. However, the microbial contamination in the abattoir were high if we compare these results to the reports from developing countries like India, Iran and Bangladesh.
Bacterial isolates identified and counted from this study were Staphylococcus aureus (44) out of 90 samples was the most abundant as 48.88%, followed by E. coli (43) 47.77% and Salmonella (26) 28.88%.
Statistical analysis revealed that analysis of variance between various abattoir and the retail meat shops for E.coli, Salmonella and S.aureus showed significant differences with some exceptions. E.coli counts were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the meat shops and abattoirs. For E.coli most of the data were significant at 5% level (P < 0.05) with some exception in case of beef and goat samples taken from abattoirs which were non significant because of the unhygienic environments. Analysis of variance for Salmonella between various abattoir and the retail outlets were significant at 5% level (P < 0.05). For S.aureus between various abattoir and the retail outlets showed non significant at 5% level (P > 0.05) with some exceptions in case of beef abattoir and goat retail outlet samples taken which were significant at 5% level (P < 0.05).
The higher incidence of microbial load in fresh meat obtained in this study might be attributed to unhygienic and improper handling of animals during slaughter, dressing, evisceration, transportation and unhygienic environments at the retail shops. The usual practice of washing the carcass with the same water in which intestines and offal had been washed was considered as one of the predominant reasons for increased microbial counts of the carcasses. A complete ignorance on the part of the meat handlers/ butchers in hygienic handling of carcasses during slaughter and retailing processes might be the main factors for producing meat with high microbial load.
Levels of microbial contamination in Pakistani abattoirs and traditional retail meat shops reflect the hygiene status of meat production in the developing world. Education of the meat retailers' community which runs the traditional meat shops, in terms of the importance of hygienic and sanitary precautions would go a long way towards providing wholesome and safe meat to the consumers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1196,T] (1).
2.
Detection Of Hazardous Organism In Raw And Pasteurized Milk With Particular Reference To 3Enterobacteriaceae
by Ayesha | Prof. Dr. Mansur ud Din Ahmad | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The present study was carried out to detect the hazardous organisms in raw milk from public health point of view. In total one hundred twenty (120) milk samples were collected from milk retail shops in and around Lahore. Out of these 120, one hundred samples were of raw milk and rests of the twenty samples were of pasteurized milk. Their microbiological quality was studied by performing standard plate count (SPC), coliform count and identification of hazardous bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. The micro flora of milk was also studied for the prevalence of multiple drug resistant (MDR) bacteria.
Milk supplied in Lahore city was found to have poor microbiological quality. Bacterial load was determined by SPC and coliform count. The standard plate count (S.P.C) of the raw milk ranged from 4.2x106 to 7.7xl07 c.f.u/ml. The coliform counts ranged from 3.4x 104 c.f.u /ml to 6.9x105 /ml. A total of 81 isolates were identified from raw milk samples. These included Yersinia (3 strains), Klebsiella (16 strains), Escherichia coli (14 strains), Enterobacter (11 strains), Shigella (3 strains), Salmonella (19 strains) and' Proteus (15 strains).The standard plate count for pasteurized milk ranged from 1.45x104 c.f.u/ml to 3.8x 105 c.f.u/ml. The minimum and maximum coliform count was 7.2x102 to 8.4xl03 c.f.u/ml respectively for pasteurized. All samples were outside the international standard for coliform bacteria. A total of 13 isolates were identified from pasteurized milk samples. These included Yersinia (2 strains), Klebsiella (1 strains), Escherichia coli (6 strains), Enterobacter (2 strains), Shigella (1 strains) and Proteus (1 strains).
All the isolates showed multiple drug resistance to various commonly used antibiotics in veterinary practices. Escherichia coli were resistant to all antibiotics used except Gentamicin (10µg). Enterobacter was sensitive to all the antibiotics used except to Ampicillin (10µg). Shigella was sensitive to Gentamicin (10µg), Kanamycin (30µg), Choloramphenicol( 25µg), but showed resistance to Ampicillin (10µg), Oxytetracycline ( 25µg), Streptomycin (10 µg), Pencillin (10 µg) and Tribrissin (25µg)., Salmonella was resistanct to Ampicillin (10µg), Oxytetracycline ( 25µg), Streptomycin (10 µg), Pencillin (10 µg) and Tribrissin (25µg). But sensitive to Gentamicin (10µg). .All the isolates showed greatest resistance to Penicillin (10 ug.) whereas, most of the isolates were sensitive to Gentamycin, Kanamycin and Chloramphenicol.
Finally, it is recommended that the members of the public should always boil raw milk before consumption because of their microbial content. Therefore, it is highly recommended that hygienic practices and regulations, such as on-site pasteurization and implementation of HACCP following established standards, should be introduced to facilitate the production of raw milk of high quality and safety.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1219,T] (1).
3.
Immunobiological And Molecular Characterization Of Pasteurella Multocida From Buffaloes
by Muhammad Kamran | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Hemorrhagic septicemia is an acute bacterial disease of buffaloes and cattle caused by Pasteurella multocida. In the present study, 400 samples (200 from carriers and 200 from sick animals) from Sargodha division were collected. Among four districts of the division, 15 samples were positive by API Kit, 13 by conventional biochemical tests and eleven were found positive for P. multocida through serological and molecular characterization. Biochemical profile index obtained with API kits had lesser accuracy than conventional and serological profiles for the identification of P. multocida. Passive mouse protection test and AGPT were used for serological confirmation. Different molecular techniques like SDS-PAGE, PCR and RFLP were used to investigate variation at the molecular level in field and vaccinal strains. There were no significant variation between field isolates and vaccinal strain in sick animals and carriers, or in isolates of different districts. Five major and three minor polypeptide bands were observed by SDS-PAGE. Genetic relatedness among the isolates was assessed by cluster analysis using Fingerprint Analysis of Missing Data (FAMD) of 12 isolates. The12 isolates clustered into 5 groups namely I, II, III, IV and V. Group I and II consisted of only one isolate in each (8.33%) of the total designated BKC-01 (S5) and KBO-01 (S1), respectively. Group III composed of 2 isolates (16.67%) namely KBC-02 (S4) and MNO-01 (S2). Group IV had the highest numbers of isolates (50%) designated as KBC-02 (S3), MNO-01 (S6), BKO-02 (S7), MNC-02 (S8), SGO-02 (S9) and V. Only two isolates were typed in group V (16.67%) named as SGO-01 (S10) and BKO-01 (S11).
The size of amplified gene was 460 bp. HindIII I endonuclease cleaved bacterial genome at four sites as compared to other four enzymes (DNase1, PstlI, EcorI and BamHI) change the writing of these enzymes which cleaved at two sites. The isolates were also subjected to ten routinely used antibiotics for sensitivity testing and found enrofloxacin as drug of choice with 90.91% sensitivity, followed by gentamycine, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacine and norfloxacine (72.73%), ampicillin and amoxycillin (45.45%), amikacin (36.36%) and lowest to sulfadiazine and erythromycine (18.18%).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1767,T] (1).
4.
Identification Of Multiple Drug Resistant (Mrd) Mastitis Causing Bacteria In Dairy Goats
by Muhammad Faisal najees | Dr. Aftab ahmad anjum | Prof. Dr. mansur-ud-Din ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1852,T] (1).
5.
Isolation And Characterization Of Avian Isolates Of Lactobacilli Species And Their Antisalmonella Activity
by Anum Shaukat (2009-VA-220) | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz | Dr. Jawad Nazir | Prof. Dr. Mansur-Ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Poultry industry is second largest industry of Pakistan. Poultry industry is cheaper source
of protein and provides jobs for more than 1.5 million people. It is facing several problems due
to microbial diseases. Salmonella is one of the leading causes of diseases in poultry. These are
being treated with antibiotics but misuse and overuse of antibiotics result in antibiotic resistant
strains of microorganisms. We need some alternatives for treatments. Lactobacilli are one of the
alternatives to antibiotics used as probiotics.
It has been found that the Lactobacilli of poultry origin have antimicrobial activity
against Salmonella.
Lactobacilli was isolated from the droppings, cloaca and caecum of rural poultry birds
using deMan Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) medium. The isolates were screened for anti-Salmonella
activity against S. enterica along with their properties to resist low pH and bile acids, antibiotic
sensitivity, auto-aggregation and co-aggregation. The isolates showed anti-salmonella activity
were identified using microscopic characters and biochemical profile. The isolates were
confirmed by PCR using species specific primers and sequencing 16S rRNA gene.
The data was analysed using one-way ANOVA at significance level P value <0.05 by
using the statistical software Graph Pad Prism version 5.3.
The study was conducted on a total of 60 samples including caecal swabs (n=20), cloacal
swabs (n=20) and dropping (n=20) of indigenous poultry. From these samples, five isolates were
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selected based upon the tests performed. Isolates namely CLB-41, CLB-45, PDL-13, PDL-26
and PDL-33 showed best results. Further characterization was done by PCR and sequencing.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2313-T] (1).
6.
Biological Studies on Various Avian Influenza Virus Types In Poultry
by Tariq Mahmood Shaukat (2003-VA-189) | Prof. Dr. Akram Muneer | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Theses submitted with blank cd. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2390-T] (1).
7.
Isolation, Molecular Identification And Antibiotic Resistance Pattern Of Salmonella Enterica From Fancy Birds
by Aqeela Kousar (2010-VA-303) | Mr. Muhammad Asad Ali | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Salmonellosis is a disease with serious health issues related to food borne illness and
most of world’s population is suffering from it. Early diagnosis in case is very important for
treatment of disease. Salmonellosis may hidden as a carrier state, acts as zoonotic components
for transmission of disease. Therefore the test with more diagnostic value needs to be developed
like Polymerase chain reaction after culturing and microbiological examination.Salmonella
enterica infections continue to pose a significant risk for poultry industry and fancy birds.
Salmonella infections have been controlled by antibiotics but in recent times antibiotic resistance
in microorganisms especially in Salmonella is a global health issue. Antibiotic resistant
Salmonella has further compounded the problem. Poultry isolate of Salmonella enterica (n=150)
were procured from Jallo park, Safari park and household pets which are taken to Pet Centre
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore then brought to Department of
microbiology UVAS Lahore and identified by biochemical testing, morphology, staining
characters and genus specific PCR. Antibiotic Susceptibility was checked by disc diffusion
method against amoxicillin (30μg), ampicillin (10μg), cefixime (5μg), , ceftazidime (30μg),
ceftriaxone (30μg), ciprofloxacin (5μg), gentamicin (10μg), nalidixic acid and tetracycline
(30μg) and resistant pattern was 100 % in ampicillin and tetracycline and 41.18% and 58.82% %
in gentamicin and ciprofloxacin respectively while antibiotic show 0% resistance. Fancy birds
are carriers of drug resistant Salmonellae.
A total of 150 samples collected from Zoo Lahore, safari park and household pet fancy
birds each of n=50. Samples will enriched by non-selective and selective media, After isolation
on selective media macroscopic, biochemical analysis and microscopic examination done. DNA
Summary
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extracted from culture isolated from cloacal swabs and polymerase chain reaction performed
using primers. Amplication will be observed using Agarose gel electrophoresis.
Research highlighted the prevalence of Salmonella in fancy birds and its possibility of
transmission to human beings. Research also provided data on antibiotic resistance in
Salmonellae from fancy birds and its possible role in ever increasing problem of antibiotic
resistance. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2615-T] (1).
